What does an electric current represent?

An electric current represents the flow of electrons. This is because, in conductive materials, such as metals, the outer electrons of atoms are free to move. When a potential difference (voltage) is applied across a conductor, these electrons migrate in response to the electrical field, creating a flow of electric charge, which we refer to as current.

The movement of electrons is crucial in the functioning of electrical devices and the conduction of electricity. Electrons are negatively charged, and their flow is typically in the opposite direction to that of the conventional current, which is defined as the flow of positive charge. This foundational concept is essential in understanding electrical circuits, principles of electromagnetism, and the performance of various electrical components.

In contrast, protons and neutrons are found within atomic nuclei and do not contribute to electric current in typical conductive materials. Protons, though positively charged, remain stationary in the atomic structure while neutrons are neutral and also do not participate in current flow. Ions can contribute to current flow in some contexts, such as in electrolytic solutions, but in standard electrical circuits, it is the flow of electrons that predominantly represents electric current.