What is the process called that involves the breakdown of natural fats to produce soap?

The process that involves the breakdown of natural fats to produce soap is known as saponification. This is a chemical reaction that occurs when fats or oils are combined with an alkaline substance, typically a strong base like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. During saponification, the triglycerides in the fats react with the base, leading to the hydrolysis of the triglycerides and the formation of glycerol and soap.

This process is fundamental in the production of traditional soap and is characterized by the transformation of lipids into soap molecules that have both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) properties, allowing the soap to effectively cleanse by emulsifying oils and dirt in water.

In contrast, emulsification refers to a process where two immiscible liquids, like oil and water, are combined to form a stable mixture, but it does not involve the chemical transformation into soap. Hydrolysis is a broader term that refers to the chemical breakdown of compounds due to reaction with water, but it is not specific to soap-making. Fermentation is a biological process involving microorganisms, such as yeast and bacteria, converting sugars into acids, gases, or alcohol, which is unrelated to soap production.